Comparison of Internal Structures of Marine Manganese Deposits of Hydrogenetic, Diagenetic and Hydrothermal Origins     

Yumi HAT TA  Makoto WATANABE  Kenichi HOSHINO  Akira USUI 《Resource Geology》1999,49(1):49-54

Abstract: Detailed microscopic observation, combined with X-ray diffraction and EPMA analyses of samples from marine manganese deposits of three different origins, suggests that characteristic internal structures are inherent in each manganse mineral; vernadite (δ–MnO₂), buserite (10Å–manganate) and todorokite (10Å–manganate).  相似文献   

Energy efficiency potentials for global climate change mitigation     

Masahiro Sugiyama  Osamu Akashi  Kenichi Wada  Amit Kanudia  Jun Li  John Weyant 《Climatic change》2014,123(3-4):397-411

Energy efficiency is one of the main options for mitigating climate change. An accurate representation of various mechanisms of energy efficiency is vital for the assessment of its realistic potential. Results of a questionnaire show that the EMF27 models collectively represent known channels of energy efficiency reasonably well, addressing issues of energy efficiency barriers and rebound effects. The majority of models, including general equilibrium models, have an explicit end-use representation for the transportation sector. All participating partial equilibrium models have some capability of reflecting the actual market behavior of consumers and firms. The EMF27 results show that energy intensity declines faster under climate policy than under a baseline scenario. With a climate policy roughly consistent with a global warming of two degrees, the median annual improvement rate of energy intensity for 2010–2030 reaches 2.3 % per year [with a full model range of 1.3–2.9 %/yr], much faster than the historical rate of 1.3 % per year. The improvement rate increases further if technology is constrained. The results suggest that the target of the United Nations’ “Sustainable Energy for All” initiative is consistent with the 2-degree climate change target, as long as there are no technology constraints. The rate of energy intensity decline varies significantly across models, with larger variations at the regional and sectoral levels. Decomposition of the transportation sector down to a service level for a subset of models reveals that to achieve energy efficiency, a general equilibrium model tends to reduce service demands while partial equilibrium models favor technical substitution.  相似文献   

Some numerical issues using element‐free Galerkin mesh‐less method for coupled hydro‐mechanical problems     

Mohammad Norouz Oliaei  Kenichi Soga  Ali Pak 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2009,33(7):915-938

A new formulation of the element‐free Galerkin (EFG) method is developed for solving coupled hydro‐mechanical problems. The numerical approach is based on solving the two governing partial differential equations of equilibrium and continuity of pore water simultaneously. Spatial variables in the weak form, i.e. displacement increment and pore water pressure increment, are discretized using the same EFG shape functions. An incremental constrained Galerkin weak form is used to create the discrete system equations and a fully implicit scheme is used for discretization in the time domain. Implementation of essential boundary conditions is based on a penalty method. Numerical stability of the developed formulation is examined in order to achieve appropriate accuracy of the EFG solution for coupled hydro‐mechanical problems. Examples are studied and compared with closed‐form or finite element method solutions to demonstrate the validity of the developed model and its capabilities. The results indicate that the EFG method is capable of handling coupled problems in saturated porous media and can predict well both the soil deformation and variation of pore water pressure over time. Some guidelines are proposed to guarantee the accuracy of the EFG solution for coupled hydro‐mechanical problems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Spatial Variability of Living Coccolithophore Distribution in the Western Subarctic Pacific and Western Bering Sea   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Hiroshi Hattori  Makoto Koike  Kenichi Tachikawa  Hiroaki Saito  Kazuya Nagasawa 《Journal of Oceanography》2004,60(2):505-515

Vertical distributions of coccolithophores were observed in the depth range 0–50 m in the western subarctic Pacific and western Bering Sea in summer, 1997. Thirty-five species of coccolithophores were collected. Overall, Emiliania huxleyi var. huxleyi was the most abundant taxon, accounting for 82.8% of all coccolithophores, although it was less abundant in the western Bering Sea. Maximum abundance of this species was found in an area south of 41°N and east of 175°E (Transition Zone) reaching >10,000 cells L⁻¹ in the water column. In addition to this species, Coccolithus pelagicus f. pelagicus, which accounted for 4.2% of the assemblage, was representative of the coccolithophore standing crop in the western part of the subarctic Pacific. Coccolithus pelagicus f. hyalinus was relatively abundant in the Bering Sea, accounting for 2.6% of the assemblage. Coccolithophore standing crops in the top 50 m were high south of 41°N (>241 × 10⁶ cells m⁻²) and east of 170°E (542 × 10⁶ cells m⁻²) where temperatures were higher than 12°C and salinities were greater than 34.2. The lowest standing crop was observed in the Bering Sea and Oyashio areas where temperatures were lower than 6–10°C and salinities were less than 33.0. From the coccolithophore volumes, the calcite stocks in the Transition, Subarctic, and the Bering Sea regions were estimated to be 73.0, 9.7, and 6.9 mg m⁻², respectively, corresponding to calcite fluxes of 3.6, 0.5, and 0.3 mg m⁻²d⁻¹ using Stoke's Law. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

The compressibility of Fe- and Al-bearing phase D to 30 GPa     

Konstantin D. Litasov  Eiji Ohtani  Akio Suzuki  Kenichi Funakoshi 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2007,34(3):159-167

High-pressure in situ X-ray diffraction experiment of Fe- and Al-bearing phase D (Mg_0.89Fe_0.14Al_0.25Si_1.56H_2.93O₆) has been carried out to 30.5 GPa at room temperature using multianvil apparatus. Fitting a third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state to the P–V data yields values of V ₀ = 86.10 ± 0.05 ų; K ₀ = 136.5 ± 3.3 GPa and K′ = 6.32 ± 0.30. If K′ is fixed at 4.0 K ₀ = 157.0 ± 0.7 GPa, which is 6% smaller than Fe–Al free phase D reported previously. Analysis of axial compressibilities reveals that the c-axis is almost twice as compressible (K _c  = 93.6 ± 1.1 GPa) as the a-axis (K _a  = 173.8 ± 2.2 GPa). Above 25 GPa the c/a ratio becomes pressure independent. No compressibility anomalies related to the structural transitions of H-atoms were observed in the pressure range to 30 GPa. The density reduction of hydrated subducting slab would be significant if the modal amount of phase D exceeds 10%.  相似文献   

Assessment of nitrogen loading from the Kiso-Sansen Rivers into Ise Bay using stable isotopes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ryo Sugimoto  Akihide Kasai  Kouichi Fujita  Kenichi Sakaguchi  Tomomi Mizuno 《Journal of Oceanography》2011,67(2):231-240

Concentrations of particulate organic nitrogen (PN), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and their nitrogen isotope ratios (δ ¹⁵N) in the Kiso-Sansen Rivers were determined from monthly observations over the course of a year to assess variations in the form and sources of riverine nitrogen discharged into Ise Bay. The δ ¹⁵N values of NO₃ ⁻ observed in the Kiso-Sansen Rivers showed a logarithmic decreasing trend from 8 to 0‰, which varied with the river discharge, indicating mixing between point sources with high δ ¹⁵N and non-point sources with low δ ¹⁵N. The influence of isotope fractionation of in situ biogeochemical processes (mainly DIN assimilation by phytoplankton) on δ ¹⁵N of NO₃ ⁻ was negligible, because sufficient concentrations of NH₄ ⁺ for phytoplankton demand would inhibit the assimilation of NO₃ ⁻. A simple relationship between river discharge and δ ¹⁵N of NO₃ ⁻ showed that the fraction of total NO₃ ⁻ flux arising from point sources increased from 4.0–6.3% (1.1–1.8 tN day⁻¹) during higher discharge (>600 m³ s⁻¹) to 30.2–48.3% (2.6–4.1 tN day⁻¹) during lower discharge (<300 m³ s⁻¹). Riverine NO₃ ⁻ discharge from the Kiso-Sansen Rivers can explain 75% of the variations in surface NO₃ ⁻ at the head of Ise Bay over the year.  相似文献   

Tectonic evolution along the northernmost border of the Philippine Sea plate since about 1 Ma     

Tanio Ito  Kenichi Kano  Yo Uesugi  Kazuo Kosaka  Tatsuro Chiba 《Tectonophysics》1989,160(1-4):305-326

Recent structural, tephrochronologic and magnetostratigraphic studies conducted along the northernmost border of the Philippine Sea (PHS) plate enable us to reconstruct the precise tectonic evolution along the convergent boundary between the PHS plate and the Northeast Japan (NEJ) plate or the North American (NAM) plate since about 1 Ma. The authors of the present study split the tectonic evolution into five stages and present the characteristics of each stage. A plate tectonic interpretation is proposed, based upon the tectonic evolution, with special reference to the mode of convergent motion. In brief, our interpretations are as follows: the relative motion between the PHS and the NEJ plates was not recognized geologically within the area studied from about 1.0 to 0.9 Ma (Stage 1), suggesting either none or small influence from the coupling between the two plates during that period of time. Convergence between the PHS and the NEJ plates was possibly in N-S direction from 0.9 to 0.5 Ma (Stage II), and probably north-northwestward since 0.5 Ma (Stages III to V). The mode of the convergent motion was that of buoyant subduction in Stages II and III. The mode changed gradually from buoyant subduction during Stage IV to collision in Stage V (0.07 Ma to the present).  相似文献   

Preliminary Examinations of the Ore-forming Process by Fluid Mixing – a Test of MIX99     

Kenichi HOSHINO  Yuki YAMAMOTO  Xiangping GU  Su Young LEE  Makoto WATANABE 《Resource Geology》2000,50(3):185-190

Abstract: Possible ore deposition by fluid mixing was preliminarily examined using MIX 99, a FORTRAN program developed for simulating water-rock interactions. We consider mixing of two fluids, the low f_O2 and high temperature source fluid and the high f_O2 and low temperature seawater. Oxygen fugacity of a mixed fluid formed by titration of seawater into the source fluid gradually decreases with decreasing temperature (model A). Sequential precipitation of ore-forming minerals was examined in this model. On the other hand, simultaneous precipitation of the minerals could be followed by simulation of instantaneous overall mixing of the two fluids (model B). Results of simulation of the both models revealed that a temporal sequence of mineralization observed in the Karuizawa mine, NE Japan, can be formed by model A, while model B is suitable for the mineralization of an active chimney found in the Rainbow hydrothermal area of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.  相似文献   

Hydrothermal carbonates in altered wall rocks at the Uwamuki Kuroko deposits, Japan   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

N. Shikazono  M. Hoshino  M. Utada  M. Nakata  A. Ueda 《Mineralium Deposita》1998,33(4):346-358

Magnesite, siderite and dolomite are characteristic alteration minerals occurring in Miocene hanging wall rocks of dacitic composition which host the Kuroko orebodies. These carbonates generally occur in a more stratigraphically upper horizon than chlorite alteration zone surrounding the orebodies. The Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios of the carbonates decrease from the central alteration zone to marginal zone. The Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios of carbonates and chlorite positively correlate. The δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of magnesite, siderite and dolomite positively correlate with each other and lie between the igneous and marine carbonate values. The petrographic, isotopic and fluid inclusion characteristics and thermochemical modelling calculations indicate that magnesite and dolomite formed in the central zone close to the orebodies due to the interaction of hydrothermal solutions with the biogenic marine carbonates. Calcite formed further from the orebodies from hydrothermal fluids which did not contain a biogenic marine carbon component. The compositional and textural relationships indicate that superimposed alterations (chlorite alteration and carbonate alteration) occurred in hanging wall rocks. The mode of occurrences and the Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios of magnesite and dolomite occurring in hanging wallrocks are useful in the exploration for concealed volcanogenic massive sulfide-sulfate deposits. Received: 9 September 1997 / Accepted: 23 September 1997  相似文献   

The Machangqing copper-molybdenum deposits, Yunnan, China — an example of Himalayan porphyry-hosted Cu-Mo mineralization     

Z. Peng  M. Watanabe  K. Hoshino  S. Sueoka  T. Yano  H. Nishido 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,63(1-2):95-117

Summary The Machangqing copper-molybdenum deposits occur in the Shanjian fold belt, Yunnan Province, China. Two types of ores are distinguished: (1) Cu-Mo quartz veinlets in magnetite-series granite porphyry; and (2) Cu-Mo skarns occurring at the contact between the Ordovician sedimentary sequence and the granite porphyry. With decreasing temperature and of hydrothermal fluids initially in equilibrium with K-feldspar, the following alteration patterns developed within the porphyry, from the center outwards: silicification, K-silicate, phyllic and argillic alteration. The paragenetic sequence of alteration minerals observed in the Cu-Mo skarns resulted from decreasing temperature and/or increasing of the hydrothermal fluids initially in equilibrium with grandite garnet. Fluid inclusions in quartz suggest boiling during the mineralization. The mineralization temperatures based on filling temperatures and salinities of quartz are in the following ranges: about 265° to 400 °C and 5.0 to 14.6 wt.% NaCl eq. for the Cu-Mo veinlets; and 200° to 500 °C and 10.2 to 42.0 wt.% NaCl eq. for the Cu-Mo skarns. As is evident from log fo₂-pH diagrams, ores of the early stage of mineralization in the Cu-Mo skarns, characterized by the assemblage magnetite + pyrite + rare pyrrhotite + K-feldspar + quartz, were deposited from highly alkaline and high temperature fluids. With decreasing temperature and fo₂, the pH of the ore fluids was shifted towards slightly alkaline to neutral, with the resultant formation of the main stage ores, characterized by the assemblage chalcopyrite + pyrite + molybdenite + sphalerite + K-feldspar +sericite (muscovite) + epidote + uartz. Very minor amounts of ore minerals, including matildite, bismuthinite and electrum, are associated with a late stage of ore formation.In the case of the Cu-Mo veinlets, it can be stated roughly that both fs₂ and fo₂ conditions were in the stability field of pyrite, with pH of the ore fluids buffered by the assemblage sericite + K-feldspar +quartz ± calcite. K-Ar age determinations were made on the granite porphyry, biotite phenocrysts and hydrothermal biotite in the Cu-Mo skarns, giving ages of 42.5 to 34.6 Ma, 52.3 Ma, and 39.2 to 26.4 Ma, respectively.It is concluded that the Cu-Mo mineralization at Machangqing shows a close spatial and temporal association with the Himalayan felsic magmatism of the magnetite-series type.

---

Die Machangqing Kupfer-Molybdän-Lagerstätten, Yunnan, China — Ein Beispiel für prophyrische Cu-Mo Vererzung im Himalaya

Zusammenfassung Die Kupfer-Molybdän-Lagerstätten von Machangqing treten im Shanjian Faltengürtel in der Provinz Yunnan, China, auf. Zwei Erztypen sind unterscheidbar: (1) Cu-Mo Quarzgängchen in einem porphyrischen Granit der Magnetit-Serie; (2) Cu-Mo-Skarne am Kontakt zwischen der ordovizischen Sedimentabfolge und dem porphyrischen Granit. Mit Abnahme der Temperatur und des Verhältnisses der hydrothermalen Fluide, die ursprünglich mit Alkalifeldspat im Gleichgewicht waren, entwickelten sich in diesem Porphyrstock vom Zentrum randwärts folgende Alterationszonen: Silizifizierung, K-silikatische, phyllische und argillische Alteration. Die paragenetische Abfolge der Alterationsminerale, die in den Cu-Mo Skamen zu beobachten sind, sind das Resultat abnehmender Temperatur und/oder einer Zunahme des -Verhältnisses der hydrothermalen Fluide, die ursprünglich mit Grandit-Granat im Gleichgewicht waren. Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse in Quarz weisen auf Siedeprozesse während der Mineralisation hin. Die aus den Einschlußtemperaturen und Salinitäten in Quarz bestimmten Mineralisationstemperaturen liegen für die Cu-Mo-Gängchen zwischen 265–400 °C und zwischen 5–14.6 Gew.% NaCI Äquiv. und zwischen 200–500 °C und 10.2–42 Gew.% NaCI Äquiv. für die Cu-Mo Skarne. Wie aus log fo₂-pH Diagrammen hervorgeht, ist die im Frühstadium der Cu-Mo Skamvererzung entstandene Vergesellschaftung von Magnetit +Pyrit+selten Magnetkies + Alkalifeldspat + Quarz durch Ausfällung aus sehr alkalischen und hochtemperierten Fluiden entstanden. Mit Temperatur- und fo₂-Abnahme wurde der pH der Lösungen leicht alkalisch bis neutral. Dies resultierte in der Bildung der Erze des Hauptstadiums, das durch Chalcopyrit + Pyrit + Molybdänit + Sphalerit + Alkalifeldspat + Serizit (Muscovit) + Epidot + Quarz charakterisiert ist. Sehr geringe Mengen an Erzmineralen inklusive Matildit, Bismuthinit und Elektrum sind dem Spätstadium der Vererzung zuzuordnen. Für die Cu-Mo-Gängchen läßt sich etwas verallgemeinernd feststellen, daß fo₂ und fs₂ im Stabilitätsbereich von Pyrit lagen, wobei der pH der Erzfluide durch die Paragenese Serizit+Alkalifeldspat+Quarz+Calcit gepuffert wurde. K-Ar Altersbestimmungen wurden am porphyrischen Granit, an Biotit-Phänokristallen und an hydrothermal gebildetem Biotit der Cu-Mo Skarne durchgeführt. Sie ergaben Alter von 42.5–34.6, 52.3 bzw. 39.2-26.4 Ma.Die Cu-Mo Vererzung von Machangqing zeigt eine räumliche und zeitliche Assoziation mit dem sauren Magmatismus der Magnetit-Serie im Himalaya.

---

---

With 12 Figures  相似文献